Protecting Closed and Semi-Closed Seas in Armed Conflicts (Case Study: The Persian Gulf)

Momtaz, Jamshid; Alizadeh, Masoud; Zarneshan, Shahram

doi:10.29252/joc.8.32.63

[Home ] [Archive]

[ فارسی ]

Main Menu

Home

Journal Information

Articles archive

For Authors

For Reviewers

Registration

Contact us

Site Facilities

Indexing by

Related Links

QR Code

Orcid ID

Volume 8, Issue 32 (2018)

2018, 8(32): 63-76

Back to browse issues page

Protecting Closed and Semi-Closed Seas in Armed Conflicts (Case Study: The Persian Gulf)

Jamshid Momtaz

, Masoud Alizadeh

, Shahram Zarneshan

Abstract: (6203 Views)

Closed and semi-enclosed seas possess significant standing in the international environmental law and are referred to in the 1973 Convention as "Special Zones." For this reason, efforts have been made in the various issues of the law of the seas and environmental law in order to develop a particular regime for them. The Persian Gulf, as a semi-closed sea, is one of the zones for which there have been attempts to define a sui generis since the 1970s in cooperation with the States of the region. The Kuwait Convention and its four protocols are a clear examples of this cooperation. However, the existence of regional tensions egative factor in order for these mechanisms to have failed. There are still serious questions about the 1973 Convention from legal perspective. A serious legal question on this subject is about the impact of war on the applicability of Kuwait Convention during that armed conflict. This paper tries to provide an overview of regional environmental protection mechanisms in the Persian Gulf region, with the aim to provide an answer to the regional environmental obligations of the States of the region in the event of occurrence of a regional conflict

Keywords: Law of the Sea, Marine environment, Armed Conflict, Persian Gulf.

Full-Text [PDF 96 kb] (3570 Downloads)

Received: 2017/07/15 | Accepted: 2017/12/27 | ePublished: 2018/04/3

References

1. Annex I to the London Convention, Rules for the Prevention of Oil Pollution, 1972. The convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter. www.imo.org/en/ OurWork/Environment/LCLP/Documents/LC1972.pdf.#

2. Ackleson, S.G.; De Petts, D.E.; Sullivan, K.D.; Reynolds, R.M., 1992. Astronaut observations of the Persian Gulf during STS-45, Geocarto International, 4: 58-69.#

3. Advisory Opinion of the ICJ on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1996. www.icj-cij.org/en/case/95.#

4. Bayani, N., 2016. Ecology and environment challenges of Persian Gulf. Journal of Iranian Studies, 49(6): 1047-1063. #

5. Dedias, M., 1938. International administration. Recueil des cours de l'Académie de La Haye, 63: 280-285.#

6. Dejean-Pons, M., 1987. The United Nations environment program's regional seas conventions. AFDI, 687-718.#

7. Daud, H., 2017. Protecting the marine environment from land-based sources of pollution; towards effective international cooperation. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 16(3): 379-380.#

8. Farah, A.A., 1991. The extent of damage to Iraq's infrastructure during Iraq's occupation of the country, Doc. S / 22535 of April 29th, https://www.icrc. org/eng/assets/files.#

9. General Principales for Assessing Marine Pollution Adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Environment, 1972. legal.un.org/avl/ha/dunche/ dunce. html.#

10. Guidelines annexed to Resolution 49/50 of the United Nations General Assembly, 1994. www.un.org/ documents/ga/res/49/a49r050.htm.#

11. Hume, K., 2004. War Torn Environment: Interpreting the Legal Threshod. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 340P.#

12. Henckaert, J.M.; Beck, D., 2006. Customary international humanitarian law. Vol. I, Rules, Brussels, Bruylant, ICRC, 200-201PP. #

13. ILC Report to the United Nations General Assembly, 2011. legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2011/english/addendum. pdf.#

14. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), 2015. Basic texts. Brill Nijhoff, 159-160.#

15. Kovalev, A.A, 2007. Contemporary issues of the law of the sea, eleven publisher, Moscow, Nauchnaja kniga of Russia, 180P.#

16. Laws and Regulations of the Regime of the High Seas, 1951. ST/LEG/SER.B/1,Vol.I, legal.un.org/ilc/guide/ 8_1.shtml. #

17. Louka, E., 2006. International environmental law; fairness, effectiveness and world order. Cambridge University Press, 45P.#

18. Martens, F.F., 1904. Contemporary international law of civilized, 5th edition, Saint Petersbourg, 383-384PP.#

19. Montreal, 1985. Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution. Decision 13/18/II of the Governing Council, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record. #

20. Momtaz, Dj., 1991. Les règles relatives à la protection de l’environnement au cours des conflits armées à l’épreuve du conflit entre l’Irak et le Koweït. AFDI, 216-217.#

21. Mahmoudi, S., 1997. Legal protection of the Persian Gulf’s marine environment. Marine Policy, 21(1): 53-62. #

22. Momtaz, Dj., 1999. Le recours à l’arme nucléaire et la protection de l’environnement. L’apport de la Cour internationale de jusctice, in: Ph. Sands & Boisson de Chazournes (ed), Internationl Law, International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons, Cambridge University Press, 363-364PP.#

23. Momtaz, Dj., 2005. Le régime de passage dans le détroit d’Hormuz, in: Casado Raigon, R. (dir.), L’Europe et la Mer (Pêche, navigation et environnement marin, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 167-174PP.#

24. Momtaz, Dj., 2014. Les obstacles politico-culturels à la cooperation interétatique dans le Golfe persique et la mer Caspienne, in : Diritto Internazionale et pluralita delle culture, XVIII Convegno, Napoli, 13-14 Giugno 2013, Societa italina di Diritto internszionale 18, Editoriale Scientifica, 15-22PP.#

25. Oral, N., 2013. Regional cooperation and protection of the marine environment under international law: Black sea. Brill, Leiden, 28P.#

26. Resolution 540, 1983. United Nations security council. www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions.

27. Report SJ / 110/87, 1987. The Persian Gulf war and international law. RBDI, 1: 165-175.#

28. Resolution 687, 1991. United Nations security council. www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents.#

29. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992. A.CONF.151/1-9 May, 1992. www.un-documents.net/ rio-dec.htm.#

30. Report of the United Nations Secretary-General on the protection of the environment in armed conflict, 1993. A/48/268-29 July, https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/ documents/report/5deesv.htm.#

31. Report of the ILC to the United Nations General Assembly, A/66/10, 2011. Vol. II (2), www. legal.un. org/ilc.

32. Statiscal Review of World Energy, 2005. www.nioclibrary.ir.#

33. Second Regional Steering Committee Meeting on Ballast Water Management, 2009. 59/INF 3, myassignmenthelp.info/assignments/ballast-water-management-issues. #

34. Tavernier, P., 1984. The Persian Gulf war: Some aspects of the application of the law of armed conflict and humanitarian law. AFDI, 50-59.#

36. زرگر، ع.ا.؛ نوروزی کلرمی، ز.، 1395. مسوولیت و نقش دولت‌های حوزۀ خلیج‌فارس در حفاظت‌ از محیط‌زیست. فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل، دوره9، شماره33، صفحات 251-281.#

37. القاسمی، م.؛ البعینی، ج.؛ أمن و حمایه البیئه فی الخلیج الفارسی، 2017. دارالکتب و الدراسات العربیه. الاسکندریه، صفحات 85-1. #

38. لطفی، ح.؛ بقایی، ح.؛ موسوی، ر.؛ خیامباشی، س.، 1389. محیط زیست خلیج فارس و حفاظت از آن. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی جغرافیای انسانی، سال سوم، شماره 1، صفحات 9-1.#

39. Annex I to the London Convention, Rules for the Prevention of Oil Pollution, 1972. The convention on the prevention of marine pollution by dumping of wastes and other matter. www.imo.org/en/ OurWork/Environment/LCLP/Documents/LC1972.pdf.#

40. Advisory Opinion of the ICJ on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 1996. www.icj-cij.org/en/case/95.#Bayani, N., 2016. Ecology and environment challenges of Persian Gulf. Journal of Iranian Studies, 49(6): 1047-1063. #

41. Dedias, M., 1938. International administration. Recueil des cours de l'Académie de La Haye, 63: 280-285.#

42. Dejean-Pons, M., 1987. The United Nations environment program's regional seas conventions. AFDI, 687-718.#

43. Daud, H., 2017. Protecting the marine environment from land-based sources of pollution; towards effective international cooperation. Review of European Community & International Environmental Law, 16(3): 379-380.#

44. Farah, A.A., 1991. The extent of damage to Iraq's infrastructure during Iraq's occupation of the country, Doc. S / 22535 of April 29th, https://www.icrc. org/eng/assets/files.#

45. Guidelines annexed to Resolution 49/50 of the United Nations General Assembly, 1994. www.un.org/ documents/ga/res/49/a49r050.htm.#

46. Henckaert, J.M.; Beck, D., 2006. Customary international humanitarian law. Vol. I, Rules, Brussels, Bruylant, ICRC, 200-201PP. #

47. ILC Report to the United Nations General Assembly, 2011. legal.un.org/ilc/reports/2011/english/addendum. pdf.#

48. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS), 2015. Basic texts. Brill Nijhoff, 159-160.#

49. Kovalev, A.A, 2007. Contemporary issues of the law of the sea, eleven publisher, Moscow, Nauchnaja kniga of Russia, 180P.#

50. Laws and Regulations of the Regime of the High Seas, 1951. ST/LEG/SER.B/1,Vol.I, legal.un.org/ilc/guide/ 8_1.shtml. #

51. Martens, F.F., 1904. Contemporary international law of civilized, 5th edition, Saint Petersbourg, 383-384PP.#

52. Montreal, 1985. Guidelines for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Sources of Pollution. Decision 13/18/II of the Governing Council, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record. #

53. Mahmoudi, S., 1997. Legal protection of the Persian Gulf's marine environment. Marine Policy, 21(1): 53-62. # [DOI:10.1016/S0308-597X(96)00047-4]

54. Momtaz, Dj., 1999. Le recours à l'arme nucléaire et la protection de l'environnement. L'apport de la Cour internationale de jusctice, in: Ph. Sands & Boisson de Chazournes (ed), Internationl Law, International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons, Cambridge University Press, 363-364PP.#

55. Momtaz, Dj., 2005. Le régime de passage dans le détroit d'Hormuz, in: Casado Raigon, R. (dir.), L'Europe et la Mer (Pêche, navigation et environnement marin, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 167-174PP.#

56. Oral, N., 2013. Regional cooperation and protection of the marine environment under international law: Black sea. Brill, Leiden, 28P.# [DOI:10.1163/9789004250864]

57. Resolution 540, 1983. United Nations security council. www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions.

58. Report SJ / 110/87, 1987. The Persian Gulf war and international law. RBDI, 1: 165-175.#

59. Resolution 687, 1991. United Nations security council. www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents.#

60. Statiscal Review of World Energy, 2005. www.nioclibrary.ir.#

61. Second Regional Steering Committee Meeting on Ballast Water Management, 2009. 59/INF 3, myassignmenthelp.info/assignments/ballast-water-management-issues. #

‎ 10.29252/joc.8.32.63

‎ 20.1001.1.15621057.1396.8.32.7.7

Mendeley

Zotero

RefWorks

Momtaz J, Alizadeh M, Zarneshan S. Protecting Closed and Semi-Closed Seas in Armed Conflicts (Case Study: The Persian Gulf). Journal of Oceanography 2018; 8 (32) :63-76
URL: http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1222-en.html

Rights and permissions
	This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Volume 8, Issue 32 (2018)

Back to browse issues page

Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.1 seconds with 40 queries by YEKTAWEB 4657