Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Tsunami warning system using of IoT
1
17
FA
Maryam
Parsi
INIOAS
Mahmood Reza
Akbarpour Jannat
INIOAS
Background and Objectives: One third of the earth's surface is covered by water, with the oceans having the largest share. The devastating tsunami that struck Southeast Asia on 26 December 2004 reminded the world of the destructive power of tsunamis. So it is essential to provide some kind of warning system to notify people in coastal regions in order to start evacuation procedures effectively reducing collateral damage. Tsunami early detection and warning systems have proved to be of ultimate importance, especially after the destructive tsunami that hit Japan in March 2012.
Methods: An earthquake detection system & tsunami warning system (TWS) is used to detect a tsunami in advance and issue warnings to prevent loss of life and damage. The operating parts of the tsunami warning systems currently implemented in other basins are composed of three main components: a real-time seismological network for earthquake detection and characterization, a real-time sea-level network (tide gages and tsunameters) for tsunami confirmation and measurement, and tsunami warning centers for data processing and message dissemination.
Findings: Today, Early Warning System (EWS) to predict tsunami use the results of modeling and numerical simulations, tsunami gauges, seawater changes, tidal fluctuations, waveform, seismic networks, etc., which are very time-consuming and costly and their data are limited to a few points; While sending and receiving data by information technology and the Internet of Things, is much faster and more cost-effective. Also, the Capacity of data received it's much wider than the specified area and is not limited to specific points. The development and use of these systems should be part of national programs to reduce the destructive effects of disasters and reduce vulnerability and minimize deaths from marine hazards.
Conclusion: IOT technologies based on the much smaller network, cheaper, faster and shorter time have become an important part of crisis management and natural disaster management strategies. By strategically placing wireless sensor networks at key points in the sea, up-to-date data can be used to assess the location of local points during a tsunami. These data can be fed from forecasting models (based on the IoT cloud platform) and used to give early warnings of potential disasters. Modern human must new technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud platforms, artificial intelligence, and so, replace with the existing technologies.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Illegal Fisheries; from Responsibility of the Coastal States and Flag State to the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s Monitoring
19
28
FA
Javad
Salehi
Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract: Illegal fisheries are one of the reasons for disruption of combination of the seas fisheries, their significant reduction and loss of food security. Therefore, mechanisms have been devised to prevent the depletion and destruction of the seas fisheries. On the one hand, an Exclusive Economic Zone has been created, and the Coastal State has been given the authority to manage and protect its living resources. On the other hand, the Flag State has been given exercise of jurisdiction in fisheries matters over ship flying its flag in the in the Exclusive Economic Zone and the High Seas. But the combination of the two, for some reason and another, faces mutual limitations that have led to their inefficiency. Meanwhile, the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s theory of monitoring does not address the responsibility of the Coastal State and the Flag State with specific mechanisms in this regard. Therefore, examining the competence and obligations of the Coastal State and the Flag State in the field of illegal fisheries and the Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s monitoring components are one of the goals and topics of this manuscript to answer related questions. First, what are the reasons for the inefficiency of the competencies and obligations of the Coastal State and the Flag State in connection with illegal fisheries? Secondly, what is the role and components of the supervision of the Regional Fisheries Management Organization in this area and the reason for its inefficiency? The research findings show that the exercise of the sovereign rights of the Coastal State in the Exclusive Economic Zone interferes with the right to freedom of navigation and freedom of fishing of foreign ships and the authority of the Flag State in matters over ship flying its flag. The Coastal State invokes domestic law and executive discretion, but is still subject to the restrictions set out in the UNCLOS, which applies to foreign ships and its Flag State. The Regional Fisheries Management Organization’s monitoring over the performance of the Coastal State and the Flag State in connection with illegal fisheries is insufficient, despite the fact that it faces executive restrictions. However, the prospect of a tripartite cooperation between the Coastal State, the Flag State and the Regional Fisheries Management Organization of the promising to overcome this situation.
Keywords: Illegal Fisheries, Regional Fisheries Management Organization, Coastal State, Flag State, Fishing Ship.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Simulating pollutant diffusion emitted from Gorsuzan estuary to the Coastal Waters of Bandar Abbas
29
43
FA
Seyed Shakib
Asiaee Sahneh
University of Hormozgan
Akbar
Rashidi Ebrahim Hesari
Tarbiat Modares University
Maryam
Rahbani
University of Hormozgan
Alireza
Mavary
Hormozgan General Department of Environmental Protection
To study the emission of environmental pollutants, including urban and industrial wastewater of Bandar Abbas, through Gorsuzan estuary to the coastal waters of Bandar Abbas, located in the northeastern part of the Persian Gulf, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical model was developed. This is to predict the pattern of chemical pollutant emission. The governing equations of this model are rewritten in the spherical coordinate earth system with a vertical sigma array. In order to validate the model, nitrate and nitrite measurements were performed spectrophotometrically at six stations on the coastal water of Bandar Abbas for a period of one year. The simulations showed that these pollutants are mostly spread in the areas of fishery pier and between Haqqani pier and fishing pier. Nitrite and nitrate concentrations up to 6 km east and 5 km west of the Gorsozan estuaries’ joint to the Persian Gulf is more than 60%. These results are consistent with the concentrations measurements carried out for these two pollutants in the mentioned areas. The average values of nitrate concentration in the four measurement seasons in Khorgorsuzan, Fishery wharf, and Haqqani wharf are 18.9 mg/l, 14.95 mg/L and 9.32 mg/ L respectively. Besids the amount of nitrite in the above-mentioned stations are 4.7, 4.45 and 1.87 mg/l respectively.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Iran's Comparative Advantage in Fishery Industry
45
60
FA
Mohammad Amin
Kouhbor
Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology
Homayoun
Yousefi
Khorramshahr University of Marine Sciences and Technology
Background and Theoretical Foundations: Investigating competitiveness and comparative advantage is one of the most important elements in deciding on the production and exports of each product.
Methodology: For this purpose, various indicators and methods have been proposed, all of which are based on opportunity cost. This paper tries to use the policy analysis matrix (PAM) methods, internal resource cost criteria, export competitiveness, and support coefficients while examining government support and taxes in the fisheries sector, Iran's comparative advantage in the industry in question and the like. Its competitiveness in global markets in 1397 should be examined.
Findings: For this purpose, first the cost items of production of various fishery products are extracted and then the policy analysis matrix is drawn. Following that, various indicators of comparative advantage and competitiveness have been calculated. The results of calculating the cost indices of domestic resources and comparative advantage based on unit cost indicate that Iran has the ability to compete in domestic markets in the production of fishery products. At the same time, this competitiveness is without the need for government subsidies.
Conclusion: From the research results, it can be pointed out that during the study period, production inputs were subject to subsidies and with it, indirect taxes were imposed on manufactured products. Also, in total and net, VAT has been imposed on the production value of fishery products. Finally, the figures calculated from the export competitiveness index show that this industry is competitive in global markets.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Investigating the possibility of implementing Sand Bypassing System in southern ports of the Caspian Sea
61
76
FA
Aliasghar
Golshani
Islamic Azad University, Tehran Central Branch
KIarash
Doroudian
Background and Theoretical Foundations: In response to climate changes and human interventions, sedimentary regimes of the coasts will be changed.
Methodology: Occasionally, these changes may affect the port's functioning as well as eroding the coastlines downstream. Since the last century, mechanical equipment has been used to restore the natural cycle of sediment transportation around the ports to address these problems. This method, which is known as the Sand Bypassing System (SBS), has been successful in countries such as Australia, India, and the United States.
Findings: By introducing SBS components and reviewing the sedimentary situation of several ports in the Caspian Sea, this article investigates the possibility of implementing SBS compared to successful SBS examples around the world.
Conclusion: Finally, by introducing the ports which are assumed to be suitable to benefit from fixed systems, implementation of SBS for the ports of Chamkhaleh and Fereydunkenar were presented in detail here.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Determinants of Port Tariffs, A Meta-Analysis Approach
77
90
FA
Mohsen
Nowruzi
University of Tehran
Mohsen
nazari
University of Tehran
Background and Theoretical Foundations: Ports operations play a vital role in goods transportation, either of wet or dry, and transportation of tools and machinery. In this regard, their flawless performance has a direct impact on local markets, economic situation of an area and even the whole country. On the other hand, continuous and effective operations of ports heavily depend on efficient maintenance plan and constant updates that all needs a proper financial capacity. In other words, the financial capacity of ports, which is influenced by the pricing policies and strategies, is the heart of the matter and affect all other ports operations. The current study aims to model all possible determinants of port tariff through a meta- analysis approach.
Methodology: To achieve this, 85 highly relevant literature covering the period between 2000 to 2020have been reviewed critically and subsequently their findings have been analyzed via software programming of MAXQDA 2020.
Findings: 46 unique influences of port services pricing have been identified and then classified based on the number of citations. Pricing goals, competitors’ tariffs and their geographical situations with 48, 47 and 41 respectively, have been found as the most cited factors.
Conclusion: In addition, identified factors have been classified in two higher levels (criteria and principals) and a comprehensive model consists of all potential determinates is provided at the end.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Environmental study of heavy metal pollution of two species of plants Juncus acutus and Hammad salicornica of Shadegan wetland
91
104
FA
Ebtesam
Hamid
Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz
Khoshnaz
Payandeh
Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz
Mohammad Tahsin
Kariminejad
Islamic Azad University, Sannadaj
Naghmeh
Saadati
Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz
Background and Theoretical Foundations: The aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metals zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese, selenium, nickel, cadmium and molybdenum in two species of Hammada salicornica L. and Juncus acutus L. in 2018-2019 from Shadegan Wetland.
Methodology: The collection of Hammada salicornica and Juncus acutus in two seasons of summer and winter was in two sites A (Atish region) and site B (Rugbeh region). At each site, there were three sampling stations (first, second, third stations) with a distance of 200 meters. Heavy elements were measured by induction-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).
Findings: The results showed that in the Juncus acutus, the highest values of bioaccumulation index of zinc and manganese metals in the leaves of the plant in the first station in summer were 1.60 and 0.85, respectively. The highest values of this index for cobalt and molybdenum in the leaves of the second Juncus acutus in winter were 8 and 37, respectively. Regarding copper and selenium, the highest amount of bioaccumulation index in plant leaves in winter was observed in the third and first stations of 1.11 and 6.22, respectively.
Conclusion: The lowest bioaccumulation index of zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese, selenium and molybdenum was obtained in the roots of the generation plant. In winter, the highest and lowest metal transfer index in the Juncus acutus was related to copper and nickel metals, respectively 22 and 0.02. In summer, the highest and lowest values of molybdenum and nickel were 4.12 and 0.53, respectively. The bioaccumulation index of metals in Juncus acutus and Hammada salicornica showed that these plants have the ability to accumulate heavy metals and are part of accumulator plants, because heavy metals in the leaves and roots of these plants were measured in very small amounts. According to the results of the indicators transition metal Juncus acutus and Hammada salicornica ability to attract and heavy metals have accumulated.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Investigation of high-risk zones in Anzali coasts associated with rip currents using field measurement and coupled wave-current numerical model (ROMS-SWAN)
95
105
FA
Mahmood Reza
Akbarpour Jannat
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Marine Engineering and Technology Research Center, Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS); Tehran, Iran
Majid
Noranian Esfahani
Ph.D. in Marine and Oceanic Sciences (Marine Physics), Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science (INIOAS); Tehran, Iran
Background and Objectives: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) make it possible to track surface currents at a low cost. In this paper, the details of the design and construction of an online self-recorder system to measure the lagrangian currents in the swash zone and compare it with numerical modeling results are presented. Comparing the results of the measurement device with field measurements of coastal currents shows that this drifter has good accuracy for tracking coastal currents. Although there are problems with internal shelf flows in transmitting data collected from the GPRS system, offline capability helps maintain data. Surface current measurement data were tracked off the coast of Anzali, southwest of the Caspian Sea, and several rips current cells were identified. Simultaneously, the currents simulated by the coupling of ROMS ocean models and SWAN waves showed the presence of several cells with relatively weak rip currents (less than 0.8 m/s) in the region, which is in good agreement with the information of interception drifters.
Methods: The present paper aims to present the general design of shallow water drifter for online measurement of surface current velocities including coastal and rip currents. The present study tries to evaluate the performance of shallow water drifters and use it to investigate the characteristics of rip currents in similarity to numerical models. In the second section, the physical details of the drifter design, the numerical model, the network configuration, and the induction forces are presented. In the third section, the results of flow modeling are compared with field measurements performed in the coastal swash zone of the eastern part of Bandar Anzali located in Gilan province, and joint processes are discussed.
Findings: The coastal currents caused by the waves in the coastal swash zone on the east coast of Anzali were studied. Rip currents are formed approximately 60-100 meters apart almost all along the coast. These currents are not very strong and have a speed of less than one meter.
Conclusion: Flow modeling in the coastal area indicates the existence of several rip current cells that the path intercepted by drifters has also confirmed their existence. Although these currents are not so strong, they can be detected at distances between 30 and 60 meters. Most of these rip currents have offshore direction and have been less affected by coastal currents. Hence, the path of the drifters indicates that under normal wind conditions from the northwest, the surface currents are pushed to the east and rotate due to the shoreline. Under east wind conditions, surface currents develop primarily from east to west.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Environmental Impact Assessment in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
115
125
FA
kosar
Firouzpour
The destructive effects of activities such as illegal and unreported fishing, pollution of the marine environment and resource exploitation have led to increasing concern for the health of the oceans. Nowadays, human activity in the seas is not limited to areas under national jurisdiction but extends to areas beyond national jurisdiction, in addition , science and technology cause to emerge new activities in these area. Therefore, planning and implementation of environmental and eco-based management plans is a critical issue. Preventing environmental damage is one of the principles of international environmental law that is made possible through environmental impact assessment. The incorporation of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), which is rooted in international and regional documents, into the binding international agreement is a tool that assists the international community in the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
11
44
2021
1
1
Evaluation of greenback grey mullet (Chelon subviridis quality during 16 day stored at refrigerator (4ºC)
127
143
FA
Fatemeh
Ghani Kuvei
Ainaz
Khodanazary
Eshagh
Zamani
Background and Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the whole greenback grey mullet Chelon subviridis quality stored on ice up to 16 days.
Methods: Changes during storage were observed with sensory evaluation (Quality Index Methode QIM), physicochemical evaluation including: pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), trimethylamine nitrogen (TMA-N),thiobarbitoric acid (TBA), free fatty acid (FFA), physical analysis (color) and bacterialanalyses including total mesophilic and psychrotrophic count. The maximum shelf life of whole greenback grey mullet stored in ice was determined with loss of freshness (sensorial, physico-chemical, color and microbiologica levaluations).
Findings: High correlation R2 ¼ 0.922 between Quality Index (QI) and storage time was verified. QI ranged from zero (maximum freshness) to 15 (total loss of freshness) and reached theacceptable limit for consumption (QI=12.66), which corresponds to a period of 12 days. The microbiological results showed an increase of mesohilic and psychrotrophic counts along the storage time. TVB-N ranged from12.60 to 17.55 mg N/ 100g, TMA-N from 3.58 to 16.00 mg N/ 100g, pH from 6.87 to 7.26, TBA from 0.66 to 1.93 and FFA from 1.05 to 8.41 in the first and16th day of storage, respectively. QI showed a linear relationship to storage time (QIM= 8.23× storage time-7.23, R2= 0.988), and the remaining storage time could be estimated with an accuracy of ± days.A regression analysis using the acceptability limit set by the ICMSF (1986) mesophilic counts (7 log cfu/g) yielded a shelf life for Goldlined seabream Rhabdosargus sarbaysis displayed very strong correlations with storage time, and they may be considered suitable indicators for evaluating Goldlined seabream spoilage stored on ice.
Conclusion: It is suggested that whole greenback grey mullet has to be fresh and acceptable for consumption by cooling up to 12 days.