Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Distribution and Abundance of Phytoplankton Species with the Potential of Harmful Bloom in Southeast Coast of Iran
1
10
FA
Gilan
Attaran-Fariman
Salim
Sharifian
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) frequency, intensity and geographical extension have been increasing
worldwide. The Southern coast of Iran is not different from the other coastal areas. The present study was
done to investigate distribution, intensity, and density of phytoplankton species with the potential to form
harmful algal bloom along the southeast coast of Iran. The water sampling was carried out every two
weeks from late April to late September 2009 in eight different locations. Totally, 54 phytoplankton
species identified and their cell density determined in each location. The results showed that among all
identified phytoplankton species, 22 species have the potential to form harmful bloom in the southeast
coast of Iran among which Cochlodinium polykrikoides was a bloom former species before southeast
monsoon in most locations. Its maximum density was 1.9×107 cell /L in late May 2009. Gymnodinium sp.
with maximum density 6×106 in late September was also a bloom former species after monsoon but more
distributed in eastern sites of Chabahar.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Effects of Dietary Immunogen Prebiotic on Growth, Hematological Indices and Proximate Composition of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
11
19
FA
Vahid
Loghmani Jahromi
Saeed
Keyvanshokooh
Amir Parviz
Salati
Hossein
Pashazanoosi
This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary Immunogen prebiotic on growth,
hematological indices and body composition of rainbow trout fingerlings. A basal diet supplemented with
0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent prebiotic to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was
randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 13.76±0.54 g.
After 8 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diets with prebiotic showed the highest final weight and SGR, and
lowest in fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when the fish were
fed with 0.15 percent prebiotic. There were significant differences in hematological parameters including
hematocrit, RBC, WBC, HB, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in fish fed by dietary prebiotic (P<0.05).
At the end of feeding trial, the fish fed 0.1% diet showed higher whole body protein. The fish fed with
0.15% diet exhibited lower levels of lipid and ash. The results suggested that administration of dietary
Immunogen at 0.15-0.2 percent exerted positive effects on growth, hematological indices and body
composition in rainbow trout.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Effect of Different Levels of Dietary Supplementation of Spirulina platensis on Some Growth, Feeding Indices and Body Composition of Benny Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi (Günther, 1874) Fingerlings
21
27
FA
Reza
Saligheh Zadeh
Vahid
Yavari
Seyed Mohammad
Mousavi
Mohammad
Zakeri
Effect of different levels of dietary supplementation of Spirulina on growth indices and carcass
composition of Benny Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi was investigated in an 8 week experimental trial. Dried
and powdered spirulina algae in five levels of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 % were added to the experimental
diet. Experimental fish were fed to satiation twice daily. The results showed significant difference
(P0.05). Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio in 10% treatment showed
significant difference (P<0.05) with control group. Though significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in
whole body protein content between 10% (14.07±0.12%) and control treatments, the results showed that
various levels of spirulina algae in diet did not affect the fat, ash, moisture, carbohydrate and energy
content of the experimental fish. The results indicated that 10% dietary supplementation of spirulina could
improve final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, condition factor and body protein content of
Benny fish.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Distribution of Subtidal Benthic Invertebrates in Chabahar Bay and Surrounding Waters with Emphasis on the Effects of Environmental Factors
29
37
FA
Fatemeh
AminiYekta
Homeira
Agah
Fatemeh
Aghajanpour
Abolfazl
Saleh
Mahshid
Jalili
Maryam
Hekmatara
Parvin
Sadeghi
Jahangir
Vajed Samiei
Mohammad Ali
Hamzeh
To study the distribution of subtidal benthic invertebrates in Chabahar Bay and surrounding waters,
samplings were undertaken on April and December 2012. Nine stations were sampled from Pozm to Ramin
by using Van Veen grab (250 cm2). Samples mostly belonged to 7 classes (Bivalvia, Gastropoda,
Scaphopoda, Malacostraca, Polychaeta, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea). Ramin (R1) showed the least number
of mentioned classes in both sampling periods. P1 in Pozm and K1 in Konarak showed the most abundant
sites in first and second sampling periods, respectively. K1 in Konarak had the highest Shanon (1.55) and
Simpson (1) indices of diversity, while in second sampling T2 in Tiss and R1 showed the highest Shanon
(1.64) and Simpson (1.04) indices, respectively. Although, Kruskal-Wallis test yielded no significant
differences in benthos abundance among different sites and different sampling occasions (P>0.05), the results
of nMDS and cluster analysis separated T1 and R1 from other sites in first sampling and R1 from other sites
in second one. Based on CCA analysis, sediment type had the most effect on benthos distribution.To study the distribution of subtidal benthic invertebrates in Chabahar Bay and surrounding waters,
samplings were undertaken on April and December 2012. Nine stations were sampled from Pozm to Ramin
by using Van Veen grab (250 cm2). Samples mostly belonged to 7 classes (Bivalvia, Gastropoda,
Scaphopoda, Malacostraca, Polychaeta, Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea). Ramin (R1) showed the least number
of mentioned classes in both sampling periods. P1 in Pozm and K1 in Konarak showed the most abundant
sites in first and second sampling periods, respectively. K1 in Konarak had the highest Shanon (1.55) and
Simpson (1) indices of diversity, while in second sampling T2 in Tiss and R1 showed the highest Shanon
(1.64) and Simpson (1.04) indices, respectively. Although, Kruskal-Wallis test yielded no significant
differences in benthos abundance among different sites and different sampling occasions (P>0.05), the results
of nMDS and cluster analysis separated T1 and R1 from other sites in first sampling and R1 from other sites
in second one. Based on CCA analysis, sediment type had the most effect on benthos distribution.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Effect of Replacing Fish Meal with Poultry by Product on Growth Rate, Immune System, Blood on Indices and Liver Enzymes in Fingerling Beluga (Huso huso)
39
51
FA
Mir Hamed
Sayed Hassani
Davoud
Tallebi Haghighi
Mohamad Ali
Yazdani Sadati
Hamid Reza
Pourali
Hoshang
Yegane
In this study, feasibility of replacing fish meal with poultry by product was examined. Six test diet were
prepared based on anchovy fish meal (contain 45% protein and 20mj/ kg-1) and poultry by product
substituted at levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, respectively.180 fingerling Huso huso were stocked
(28.42±0.17gr average initial weight) in 18 fiberglass tanks (six treatments and eighteen replicate) and
were fed to satiation. At the end of 8 weeks feeding period, there were not significant differences between
the final weight, increase body weight and specific growth rate of fish fed to (control), (PBM20), (PBM40)
and (PBM60) (P>0.05), but growth performance were depressed significantly for Huso huso fed PBM80
and PBM100 compared with other treatments (P0.05). Also, lysozyme were similar between PBM0, PBM20, PBM40 and PBM60 (P>0.05).
The result showed that up to 60% fish meal can be replaced with poultry by product with no adverse effect
on growth and feed conversion ratio, immune system, and liver enzymes and is a suitable source for
replacement with fish meal for feeding Huso huso in fingerling period.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
The Comparison of Seasonal Variation in Acetylcholinesterase in Bivalvia Mytilaster lineatus and Crustacean Pontogammarus maeoticus in the Caspian Sea
53
60
FA
Haniyeh
Nikokherad
Shila
Safaeian
Abdolhussain
Rostaeyan
Nahid
Rahimifard
In this study, seasonal variation on the acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and on the protein in
bivalvia Mytilaster lineatus and crustacean Pontogammarus maeoticus was investigated in 2010-2011 in
Babolsar, in coast of the Caspian Sea. Maximum average of protein amount in Mytilaster lineatus was
(10.461 ± 0.4833 mg/ml) in late winter and the highest average of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity
(24.635 ± 0.7829 μmol / min / mg protein) was in the late autumn. Maximum average of protein amount in
Pontogammarus maeoticus was (9.521 ± 0.1482 mg/ml) in late summer and the highest average of AChE
activity (25.155 ± 1.5180 μmol/ min / mg protein) was in the late summer. The result of statistical analysis
using ANOVA, P<0.05 showed significant differences between the levels of acetylcholinesterase enzymes
and Protein found in both organisms in different seasons of the year. This final result indicated that the
minimum stress in bivalvia Mytilaster lineatus was in the cold seasons and in crustacean Pontogammarus
maeoticus was in the warm seasons.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Determination the Effects of Different Concentrations of Waterborne Sodium on Ions Content of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Egg
61
69
FA
Mehrdad
Sarkheil
Golamreza
Rafiee
Bagher
Mojazi Amiri
Mehrdad
Farhangi
A completely randomized design was conducted to determine the effect of four concentrations of
waterborne sodium (2, 14, 50, 100 mg L-1) on sodium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc and iron uptake
and accumulation in rainbow trout eggs. Water recirculating incubators as experimental units were used
and 22.5g the newly fertilized rainbow trout eggs were introduced in each one. The incubation media
(treatments) were prepared by adding analytical salt into the double-de-ionized distilled water. The water
temperature was between 7.5-10.0 ºC during the incubation period. The concentrations of Na, Ca, Mg, Cu,
Zn and Fe of egg and water were measured in the beginning of experiment and hatching stage. Based on
the results, Sodium and magnesium uptake by eggs from waterborne occurred in all treatments except in
[Na+] 2 mg L-1. Calcium and Iron were not absorbed by eggs from the waterborne. Cu uptake by eggs from
waterborne were recorded in [Na+] 2 and 14 mg L-1 and prevention of Cu uptake occurred in [Na+] 50 and
100 mg L-1. Zn uptakes by eggs were not different significantly (P>0.05) among treatments. The results of
this study indicated that sodium, copper and magnesium uptake and accumulation in rainbow trout eggs
depend on waterborne and whole egg sodium concentrations.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Determination of Germination Parameters of Mangrove Forest in Koolghan, Tiab and Kolahi Areas in the Persian Gulf
71
78
FA
Hengameh
Safa Eisini
Ehsan
Kamrani
The Mangrove Forest in Koolghan, Tiab and Kolahi areas have been dispersed with extent of 1698.03
Hectare between latitude 27 º 10' until 26º 52' of the North and Longitude 56 º 23' until 56º 59' of the East
is one of the five Mangrove protected area in Hormozgan Province which is covered by net assemblies and
non-coeval of Avicennia marina trees.
The studied mass with the aggregation of 1014.71 trees in Hectare with average height 190.41±77.56
centimeter with the average of bough diameter in collar place is equal to 10.51 ±11.03 centimeters. The
average of height and crown diameter of trees also has been measured 151.74±77.93 and 230.74±153.07
centimeters, respectively. Also, the average level of tree's crown has been calculated as 6.01± 9.83 m2, the
average of the number of air roots as 197.50±110.69 pieces in m2 and the average height was determined
11.24 ±3.84 centimeters. Also, the number of fallen leaves of the bottom habitat was determined 119.34
pieces in m2 with the average of 6.65±1.85 cm2. Statistical evaluations showed that between the studied
transects, sample parts of Koolghan area in none of the studied parameters had significant differences and
this habitat had been evaluated of homogeneous structure. In other sample parts of transects, they had
significant differences in confidence level of 95% in parameters of tree height, crown height, crown
diameter, crown level and bough diameter in collar place, but in parameters such as number of trees per
area and covering percentage, there were not any differences that showed the total studied area is
homogeneous.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Using of Urban Secondary Wastewater as an Alternative Medium for the Culture of Tetraselmis suecica
79
85
FA
Alireza
Afshari
Maziar
Yahyavi
Mirmasoud
Sajjadi
In this research, the growth capability of microalgae (Tetraselmis suecica) in urban secondary
wastewater as well as the determination of the best density of wastewater for the growth of these
microalga have been studied. Moreover, the capability of this microalga for the treatment of wastewater
and removal of nitrogen and phosphorus has been evaluated. To study the growth rate, Tetraselmis
suecica was cultured in stable laboratory conditions with similar densities (1×106 cell × ml-1) in different
volumes of urban secondary waste water (20, 40,60, 80 and 100%) within a period of 21 days. It was also
cultured at three initial densities (5×105, 1×106 and 2×106 as low, moderate and high, respectively) in 250
ml of wastewater for 14 days in order to evaluate its purification effects. Results indicated that cell number
increased in all treatments but the growth ratio was higher in 40 and 60 percent and was comparable to the
control treatment (P<0.05). Also, this species is able to remove 80%, 71.8% and 56.3% of nitrate,
phosphate and nitrite from wastewater, respectively. So, it is possible to use urban secondary wastewater
for T. suecica culturing as an alternative medium. Also, the ability of this species for N & P removing
from wastewater shows its ability for wastewater treatment, so that the higher densities give more
satisfactory results in the removal of nutrients.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Source Identification of Hydrocarbons in Surface Sediments of Mangrove Forests of Khamir Port
87
97
FA
Zohreh
Ebrahimi Sirizi
Alireza
Riyahi Bakhtiyari
The Persian Gulf is one of the most important water bodies in the world that has been heavily
developed for crude oil production and exportation. Considering the fact that hydrocarbons may cause
adverse impacts on the aquatic and marginal life, the monitoring of hydrocarbons in marine sediments has
long been considered.
In the present study, the concentrations and sources of aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-alkanes) and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in seven surface sediments collected from mangrove
forest of Khamir Port. After soxhlet extraction with dichloromethane, samples were analyzed with GCMS.
Twenty-three compounds of PAHs and several n-alkanes (n-C14-n-C33) were analyzed. Total
concentrations of n-alkanes and PAHs were 1644±354 μg/g (dry weight) and 1394±503 ng/g (dry weight),
respectively. The mangrove sediments had higher percentages of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons.
The diagnostic ratios were used for source identification of hydrocarbons. Results showed that the main
source of hydrocarbons is petroleum and petroleum products.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Sedimentary and Geochemical Characterization of the Sediments of the Coast and Bed of Govatr Gulf, Southeastern Iran
99
110
FA
Aziz Ollah
Bazzi
Mohammad
Boomeri
Hamid
Rezaei
Sedimentary and geochemical characteristics of the coast and bed of Govatr Gulf (Southeastern Iran)
have been investigated by taking 14 sediment samples in the 2009 summer. The study indicated that the
sediments of the coast and bed of Govatr Gulf have sand and grain size clay, respectively. In this research,
seven sedimentary types were identified. Rock forming minerals of sediments contained igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, allochthone and autochtone fragments, and mineral assemblages of
quartz, calcite, feldspar, iron oxides and clay minerals. Geochemical maps of the heavy metals showed that
the highest concentrations of heavy metals are related to the Pasabandar coastal sediments in which the
element concentrations of Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and Cr, were 15.3, 53.2, 35.1, 24.4 and 100 times more than the
normal concentration in the study area, respectively. Correlation coefficients indicated that the colloids
such as iron and manganese hydroxides and clay minerals had a great role in the mobility of heavy metals
in the study area. High correlation of the chromium, magnesium, nickel, and iron elements showed that
one of the resources of these elements is weathering of ophiolitic rocks by Bahokalat River and
transferring these elements to the sea.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Design of a Wave Energy Convertor, Pelamis, Using the Wave Characteristics of the Chabahar Site
111
119
FA
Akbar
Mohammadi-Ahmar
Keyvan
Yazdani
Seyed Mostafa
Siadatmousavi
Seyed Mohammad
Taheri
A wave energy convertor, Pelamis, was conceptually designed based on the forces applied to the
instrument according to the Airy wave theory. Turnings of the bending arms were transformed into
horizontal movements of pistons in the hydraulic cylinders which resulted in the generation of alternating
current (AC) electricity without variation in AC frequency, using hydraulic circuits. In this study, the
optimal design of Pelamis for applications in Chabahar area was selected among several assumed
alternatives which could provide 16 KW of electricity.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Risk Assessment of Container Handling Operation at Maritime Container Terminals (Case Study: Port of Shahid Rajaie Container Terminals)
121
132
FA
Mansoor
Kiani Moghadam
Jafar
Sayareh
Mahmood
Mansoori Roodi
Hamid Reza
Tahmak
Due to 24 hours activity at container terminals, they face with hazards, adverse environmental
conditions, technological developments coupled with high uncertainties all which lead to the direct and
indirect costs. Nowadays, various techniques are used to identify hazards and to assess risks involved. The
main purpose of this research is to assess the risks involved in container handling operations using the
Fuzzy FMEA. The results of the Fuzzy FMEA study have shown that a high potential hazard for truck
accidents with the other vehicles or with other container pulling equipment potentially exists as a hazard
that poses a critical risk level.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science
Journal of Oceanography
1562-1057
5
18
2014
7
1
Pricing Policy for Tourism in Nayband National Park in Accordance to Sustainable Development of Marine Protected Areas
133
139
FA
Shima
Madani
Saeedeh
Khaleghi
Establishing the marine protected areas is a solution to reduce pressures on the marine environment.
But it can also have some benefits of sustainable tourism. The entrance fee for tourists who are willing to
visit these areas is one way to earn money. In Iran, there is some marine parks that there is no cost for
visiting them. One of them is Nayband Bay marine national park which is located in two provinces named
Bushehr and Hormozgan in the south of Iran.
In this regard, Nayband National Park protected area is an important area for protecting biodiversity.
But protected areas could create income and benefits of sustainable tourism. In this paper, a contingent
valuation approach has been applied to estimate the best entrance fee for visitors. A one-and-one-halfbound
approach has been used and the vehicle payment is explained as an entrance fee to visit the
Nayband National Park.
According to demand function and marginal income, the best price for having maximum income
adapted with WTP of visitors is about 40000 Rls ($1.2) for each visitor for year 2014. It is important to
note that this entrance fee should increase according to inflation rate annually.