@article{ author = {Ehsan, Esfandiari and SalariAliabadi, Mohammad Ali and Sakhaei, Nasrin and Valinasab, Touraj and Hoseini, Jav}, title = {Population Structure Analysis of Large Head Hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) Using Morphological Methods and Microsatellite in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea}, abstract ={Large head hair tail lives in warm waters around the world and around the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. In this study, 310 samples from four  populations of this species in the waters of Chabahar, East and West of Strait of Hormuz and waters of Bushehr were collected using trawl fishing method. The morphological and microsatellite analysis were performed on the samples. Morphological analysis based on the similarity of populations and individuals were studied using SPSS v.20 and Primer v.5 software. The average number of alleles per population was 7.00, the number of alleles per locus was 3-15 with an average of 7.17 and the observed and expected heterozygosis average were 0.32 and 0.75 respectively. Among the 7 studies microsatellite loci, 6 microsatellite loci had deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The highest value of Fst based on AMOVA between the population of large head hair tail in the west of Strait of Hormuz and in the Cabahar waters was 0.145 and the lowest value of Fst between the population of large head hair tail in the Bushehr waters and in the Chabahar waters was 0.095.}, Keywords = {Large head hair tail, Morphology, Microsatellite, Population structure, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.1}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1098-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1098-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Gerivani, Hadi and NaderiBani, Abdolmajid and Pourkerman, Majid and Amjadi, Sedigheh}, title = {Effect of Organic and Carbonate Content on Liquid and Plastic Limits of Seabed Soils in the Northern Persian Gulf}, abstract ={Type and rate of clay minerals are responsible for soil plasticity, but there are other parameters like carbonate and organic contents which can affect plasticity of soils. In this study, for assessing the effect of carbonate and organic contents on liquid and plastic limits in seabed sediments of northern Persian Gulf, laboratory tests were done and the results were compared to each other. Based on the test results, zoning maps of liquid limit, plastic limit, carbonate content and organic content for the study area were presented. The results showed that by increasing the carbonate content, the liquid and plastic limits and plastic index were decreased. Also, it was shown that the organic content had positive correlation with Atterberg limits and index.}, Keywords = {Carbonate, Organic content, Atterberg limits, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.9}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1099-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1099-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, Mahmud Reza and Chegini, Vahid and Sadrinasab, Masoud and Siadatmousavi, Seyed Mostaf}, title = {The Study of SST Optimization Using Nudging Scheme in Data Assimilation Method (Case Study: the Persian Gulf)}, abstract ={In this paper, we investigated the capabilities of SST data assimilation methods into FVCOM model using nudging scheme. In Data assimilation, observational data was combined with the numerical model in order to get the optimum model. This process was achieved by correcting the model errors for two purposes: first to optimize the desired variable and second to present the optimized initial condition for model. The studying domain was the Persian Gulf during 1998-2003. The model was run in two stages with the same setup: without and with assimilation method. To assess the impact of data assimilation, the model results in both runs were compared with valued OISST data in spatial distribution and temporal evaluation. The statistical parameter values were improved by using data assimilation. The surface temperatures of shallow parts were optimized specially near the Strait of Hormuz.}, Keywords = {Data assimilation, Nudging, SST, OISST, FVCOM, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {17-24}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.17}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1100-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1100-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Moogouei, Roxana and Hosseini, Sepideh and Almozafar, Rez}, title = {Strategic Programming of Coastal Tourism (Case study: Nowshahr)}, abstract ={Iran has about 800 km of shoreline bordering the Caspian Sea that provides nice tourism attractions for this coastal area. In this study, we attempted to formulate strategies for sustainable tourism management. The survey consisted of three parts. The first part explained the main aspects within government agencies relevant to tourism. In this part, we identified the variables that the chosen tourist destination considered critical for strategy formulation. In the two other sections, major aspects within tourism planning were considered based on tourists and resident's opinions. For strategic programming, SWOT, QSPM and principal component methods were used. All factors were evaluated by internal and external evaluation matrices. Final scores for each factor were calculated as 2.43 and 2.15 respectively. Finally, strategies were extracted and quantified through Quantitative Strategic Programming Matrix. Revision of laws and regulation gained the highest attractiveness score as 3.180. Moreover, these variables were analyzed using principle component method. Consequently, two main components were described; the first: "People based development of coastal hygiene and services" and the second: "Governmental based development of transportation systems".}, Keywords = {Strategic programming, Tourism, Coast, Nowshahr.}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {25-33}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.25}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1101-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1101-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {FanatiRashidi, Fariba and Kamrani, Ehsan and SharifRanjbar, Mohamm}, title = {Study of Feeding Regime of Sea Cucumber Stichopus herrmanni Using Nutritional Indices on Coral Reefs of Southeast of the Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf}, abstract ={This study aimed to investigate the sea cucumber Stichopus herrmanni diet in coral reef located southeast of the Qeshm Island and other nutritional indices. Sampling was done seasonally (10-15 samples in each season) in southeast of Qeshm Island (area around 515000 m­2) and intestinal contents were examined as a standard method. In this study, Diatoms, blue green algae, Micro benthic animals (foraminifers, nematodes and gastropod) as main prey were detected in the intestinal contents in this species. During different seasons, changes observed in the index of fullness and vacuity index of intestine and RLG Index was over one. In general, it seems that the diet changes happening in this beast is affected by different stages of life including sexual maturation and spawning. }, Keywords = {Sea cucumber, Feeding regime, Coral reefs, Stichopus herrmanni, Persian Gulf}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {35-41}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.35}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1102-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1102-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Masoudnik, Mohammad and RiyahiBakhtiari, Alireza and Abdollahi, Mahdi}, title = {Investigating Abundance, Distribution and Accumulation of Plastic Resin Pellets and Fragments in the Caspian Sea: A Case Study of Noor Shores}, abstract ={This study was an attempt to investigate abundance, distribution and accumulation of plastic resin pellets and fragments in the Caspian Sea on the basis of color, size and shape. Therefore, using National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) method, the plastic debris samples were collected from two separate stations with eighteen quadrats and in a range of two kilometers. The results of study showed that microplastics (whose size is less than 5 millimeter) were more abundant than meso and macro plastics. Also, it was found that plastic resin pellets (N=4263) were the most frequent microplastics. In addition, color analysis of the samples showed that white resin pellets and fragments have the highest frequency. In sum, it was found that plastic debris and fragment are widely and unevenly distributed along shore lines of the Caspian Sea. It seems that this phenomenon is the result of some factors such as characteristics of the Caspian Sea, climate change, vicinity to land mass and land sources, marine activities, geomorphology of the region and physical factors such as shape, size and density of debris rather than human activities.}, Keywords = {Plastic debris, Resin pellet, Fragment, Caspian Sea}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {43-53}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.43}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1103-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1103-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mirkhalili, Seyed Hamzeh and Mazaheri, Sai}, title = {Developing a Predicting Model for Initial Oil Droplet Size Distribution due to a Subsea Oil Release}, abstract ={Regarding the important role of droplet size distribution for determination of time, location and trajectory of oil droplets in subsea oil and gas releases, in this research a model for prediction of oil droplet size distribution was presented. This paper dealed with the theoretical basis for the model first and then the model specifications were presented. The model parameters were used based on available experimental data. Effects of gas void fraction and buoyancy were also discussed. Using this research model, oil specific diameter can be calculated and then based on Rosin-Rammler (k=0.693, α=1.8) or Lognormal (S=0.78) distributions, oil droplet size distribution was determined. Surfacing time, location and trajectory of oil droplets can be calculated based on oil spill models.  This research results can be extended to full scale oil and gas release conditions given good agreement between this research results and experimental data (Deep Spill).}, Keywords = {Droplet size distribution, Subsea oil and gas releases, Gas void fraction and buoyancy}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {55-63}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.55}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1104-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1104-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Attaran-Fariman, Gilan and Hashemzai, Mehri and KhajehAmiriKhaledi, Chakavak}, title = {Investigation of Diversity and Distribution of Phytoplankton Cysts in the Recent Sediments of the Western Chabahar Coasts}, abstract ={In this paper, the diversity and distribution of phytoplankton cysts in the recent sediments of the western Chabahar Coasts were investigated. The sampling from cysts was done from 27 stations three times in summer and fall 2014. This sampling was done using Grab Ekman (225×225 cm). Physiochemical analysis of water was done by standard methods. According to the results of this research, 72 species belonged to 22 genera of Dinoflagellates were found. Scrippsiella and Protoperodinium with the most abundance were the prevailing species. Although, Scrippsiella, which was observed in most stations in both sampling seasons, is not a poisonous species, it has the capacity to produce harmful blooms. In general, the results of this study showed that the cysts frequency in different seasons has a significant difference and sediment type as a significant factor influences their abundance, so that smaller seed sediments are more abundant.}, Keywords = {Cyst, Dinoflagellates, Sediments, Species variety, Distribution, Western Chabahar Coasts.}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {65-74}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.65}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1105-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1105-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {DaeiNejad, Parisa and Khodadadi, Mojgan and RajabZadeh, Ebrahim}, title = {Study of Biodiversity of Macrobenthos in Shadegan Wetland in Spring and Summer 2015 with Emphasis on Dominant Species}, abstract ={The aim of present study was examining the effects of changing seasons (spring and summer) on macrobenthos of Shadegan Wetland. The study was conducted in 2015 in seven stations along the wetland. To investigate the role of environmental factors on macrobenthic community changes, pH, temperature, EC, amount of dissolved oxygen and salinity were measured by portable HQ40d. Sediment sampling for identifying macrobenthos, the percentage of organic matter and sediment grain size analysis were done by Van Veen Grab Sampler with cross section of 0.025m2. The result of measuring physical and chemical factors showed a meaningful non-difference between the spring and summer seasons, but showed a difference in the number per square meter and the identified macrobenthos between the two seasons. The abundance was higher in spring. In spring, 48520 ind. 21 m2 from 6 macrobenthos classes were counted that the highest abundance were Gastropod (91.34 %), Oligochaeta (3.79 %), Polychaete (2.39 %), insects (1.73 %), Bivalves (0.65 %), and crustaceans (0.082 %). In summer, 48520 ind. 21 m2 from 6 macrobenthos classes were counted that the highest abundance were Gastropod (95.28 %), Bivalves (2.53 %), crustaceans (1.86 %), Oligochaeta (0.103 %), Polychaete (0.103 %), insects (0.103 %). In the study, the change of seasons has no significant effect on studied parameters such as temperature. In conclusion, the factors, except seasonal factors, affect the benthos abundance in spring and summer.}, Keywords = {Macrobenthos, Biodiversity, Physicochemical parameters, Shadegan Wetland}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {75-85}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.75}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1108-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1108-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {EjlaliKhanghah, Keivan and Akbarzadeh, Gholamali and Rashidi, Shohreh and Mousavi, Seyed Ali}, title = {Investigation of the Effect of Monsoon on Diversity and Density of Macrobenthos in Iranian Coast of Makran Sea (Oman Sea)}, abstract ={Sediment sampling for investigation of the effect of environmental factors on abundance and diversity of benthic community was carried out in Makran (Oman Sea) coast in pre and post monsoon with a 0.1m2 Van Veen Grab and CTD in 2007 and 2009. Polychaeta, Crustacea, Gastropoda and Bivalvia were the dominant groups of benthic community respectively either in pre or post monsoon. There was a significant difference between abundance in pre and post-monsoon (P<0.05). Pearson correlation was significantly different between abundance with depth (P<0.01) and DO and temperature (P<0.05). Shanoon and margalof indices changed increasingly from west to east of Makran (Oman Sea) coast but there was no significant correlation between diversity indices and environmental factors. The results showed that abundance of macrobenthos community in post-monsoon was more than pre-monsoon because of the Monsoon Sea current and the increase of chlorophyll-a in post-monsoon.}, Keywords = {Macrobenthos, Chlorophyll-a, Diversity, Makran Sea,}, volume = {8}, Number = {29}, pages = {87-101}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.18869/acadpub.joc.8.29.87}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {YazdanPanah, Danial and Safahieh, Alireza and SalariAliabadi, Alireza and Kamal, Ghanemi}, title = {Comparison of Heavy Metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cd) Concentration in the Intertidal Sediments of the Kharg Island during Summer and Winter}, abstract ={This study was carried out to determine contamination of heavy metals including zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and cadmium in the surface sediments of Kharg Island, Persian Gulf. Sediment samples were taken from five different stations during September 2013 and March 2014. The samples were transferred to the laboratory and acid digested with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids and were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (GBC Savantaa Σ models made in Australia). The results showed that the concentration of zinc, copper, nickel, lead and cadmium in the surface sediments of Kharg Island in the summer was 72.5±3.6, 28.8±2.9, 38.1±1.7 and 28.8± 2.1 µg/g. dry weight respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in the sediments shifted to 65.7±4.3, 36.3±2.7, 47.1±3.6 and 34.8±2.7 µg/g for zinc, copper, nickel, lead and cadmium respectively during winter. While, cadmium concentration was not detected in both seasons, copper, nickel and lead concentrations in the winter were higher than the values measured in the summer. The comparison of the amount of each heavy metal in the coastal sediments from Kharg Island with the values proposed by sediment quality standards revealed that heavy metals contamination was not of a serious environmental concern since the level of heavy metals in Kharg Island sediments felt within an acceptable range.}, Keywords = {Pollution, Heavy metals, Kharg Island, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.1}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1151-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1151-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ghaemi, Maryam and Gholamipour, Sar}, title = {Seasonal Measurement of Nutrient Concentrations and Total Alkalinity in the Mond Estuary Ecosystem}, abstract ={The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare nutrient concentrations and total alkalinity in summer and winter and along the marine, estuarine and riverine portions of the mond estuary ecosystem in the Persian Gulf. Sampling was conducted in warm and cold seasons. The concentrations of nutrients were measured by MOOPAM standard method and total alkalinity was measured by potentiometric titration method. The results showed that there was not significant difference in measured alkalinity along the marine, estuarine and riverine stations between summer and winter. The results showed that the average concentration of nitrate and nitrite in estuarine stations were more than marine and riverine stations. Also, seasonal variations and increased rainfall caused higher average concentration of nitrate and nitrite in winter and lower average concentration of phosphate and silicate.}, Keywords = {Nutrients, Total alkalinity, Mond estuary, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {11-18}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.11}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1153-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1153-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ebadi, Zeinab and Doustshenas, Babak and Sakhaei, Nasrin and Ghanemi, Kamal}, title = {Study of Distribution and Morphology of Leucosiidae and Xanthidae Crabs in the Subtidal Waters of the Khuzestan Province (Persian Gulf)}, abstract ={The aim of this study was to identify the biodiversity and morphology of the Xanthidae and Leucosiidae crabs in the subtidal waters of the Persian Gulf in Khuzestan Province. The specimens were collected from 7 stations during 2014-2015 by four times sampling using bottom trawl. In the laboratory, the morphological traits of samples were investigated and their carapace length and width were measured. Then, the samples were studied to identify the species using valid identification keys. In this study, 7 species of crab were identified that four species of them belonged to the family Leucosiidae (Myra pernix, Hiplyra sagitta, Lyphira perplexa, Arcania erinacea) and 3 species belonged to the family Xanthidae (Gaillardiellus rueppelli, Liagore erythematica, Atergatis integerrimus). This study showed that the Persian Gulf waters in the vicinity of Khuzestan Province provide a suitable habitat for the mentioned crabs.}, Keywords = {Brachyuran Crab, Xanthidae, Leucosiidae, Khuzestan Province, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {19-28}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.19}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1154-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1154-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Sayareh, Jafar and Alahyari, Elham}, title = {Identifying and Prioritising Factors Influencing the Creation of Dry Ports in Iran by AHP Technique}, abstract ={The objective of this research is to identify and prioritise effective factors in creating dry ports in Iran. Today, containeraisation has been the cause of many serious issues and challenges at seaports. To confront these challenges, the concept of dry port has been introduced which requires further contemplation for its development and creation to maintain and increase the usage of containerisation. The research has been carried out by applying a descriptive survey method and used the AHP technique to analyze and assess the findings. Questionnaires were used as the main instrument for data collection and  measurement of variables in this research. The results showed that with the prioritisation of the criteria, paired comparisons and the calculation of the relative weight of each criterion, the most important factors can easily be selected and implemented.}, Keywords = {Dry Port, Intermodal transport, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Transit}, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {29-36}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.29}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1155-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1155-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Mehri and Mehdinia, Ali and Saleh, Abolfazl and Modabberi, Soroush}, title = {Comparison of the Ecological Risk Index of Heavy Metals in the North of Persian Gulf: Hormozgan and Bushehr Provinces}, abstract ={The importance of the Persian Gulf and its role in economy and dynamic of the region and the development of industrial activities, refineries and residential activities in its surrounding area highlights environmental monitoring of this zone as a fundamental concern for researcher and policy makers. For this purpose, in 2012-2013, surface sediment of 58 stations in the Persian Gulf were sampled as transect from coastal line to offshore. All samples were transferred to the laboratory according to the standard procedure for heavy metal analysis. Total concentration of Cu, As, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Hg were measured by acid digestion and analyzed by ICP-MS. The grain size analyzed by Scatter analyzer and Carbonate measured using Lol Method. The results showed that general texture of the sediment was Silt-Loam and Carbonate content varied 8.5-53.72. According to the single Ecological Risk (ER), Cd, Hg, As and Ni had moderate risk. Average of ecological risk index (RI) pointed 335 which showed high risk in the studied region. Although, this index was higher in the Hormozgan province. Both provinces of Bushehr and Hormozgan were classified in the high risk class. General framework of the generated map for RI showed that RI indices decreased with increasing the distance from coastal line. This result indicated the obvious role of discharging environmental pollutant from terrestrial pollution source to the Persian Gulf.}, Keywords = {Ecological risk, Heavy metals, Bushehr province, Hormozgan province, Persian Gulf}, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {37-45}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.37}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1156-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1156-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Fallah, Mohammad Amir}, title = {Obtaining Submarine Heading Using Magnetic Wake in Shallow Waters}, abstract ={In this paper, we proposed a new detection method to discover ships and submarines in shallow waters, using an airborne magnetic sensor. Detection scenario is based on vessel travelling at sea which causes geomagnetic anomalies in sea water. Derived analytical formulations showed the relation of geomagnetic anomaly with physical properties of vessel and environmental parameters, and then frequency analysis was performed and revealed that frequency contents of geomagnetic anomaly differed from noise frequency spectrum. In next step, geomagnetic anomaly due to submarine traveling in shallow water was simulated. The simulation results showed that the proposed method was noise robust. Finally, submarine heading was estimated using spectral analysis of geomagnetic anomaly. It was illustrated that the estimation error of vessel heading strongly depended on airborne sensor trajectory drift from submarine traveling direction }, Keywords = {Wake, Submarine heading, Magnetometer, Airborne, Shallow water}, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {47-52}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.47}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1157-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1157-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Pourjomeh, Fatemeh and Shokri, Mohammadreza and Rezai, Hamid and RajabiMaham, Hassan and Maghsoudlou, Elham}, title = {Relationships Between Environmental Physicochemical Factors, Zooplankton and Jellyfish Blooms in Chabahar and Pozm Bays (Makran (Oman) Sea)}, abstract ={Species identification is the first step in prediction and management of jellyfish blooms. The present paper describes the jellyfishes in the northern part of the Makran (Oman) Sea. Processes underlying the variations observed in jellyfish diversity in the Gulf of Oman were also investigated. Samples of jellyfishes and other zooplanktons were collected from 9 stations within four seasons including Nov. 2014,March 2015, May 2015, and Sep. 2015. In each station, environmental variables were also recorded from bottom and surface water. A total of 83 individuals of medusae representing by four species belonging to Scyphozoa (i.e., Cyanea nozakii, Chrysaora sp., Pelagia noctiluca, Catostylus sp.) and three species belonging to Hydrozoa (i.e, Diphyes sp., Rhacostoma sp., Aequorea spp.) were collected in the study area. The result of manual forward selection test analysis yielded no significant association between species composition of jellyfish and other zooplanktons. Among environmental variables, water transparency, depth and temperature were best explained the total variation in jellyfish species composition. None of the variables were so significant to cause jellyfish mass occurrence. }, Keywords = {Zooplankton, Scyphozoa, Hydrozoa, Jellyfish bloom, Pozm Bay, Chabahar Bay, Makran (Oman) Sea. }, volume = {8}, Number = {30}, pages = {53-61}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.30.53}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1158-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1158-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Mirza, Roozbeh and Moeinaddini, Mazaher}, title = {Contamination and Ecological Assessment of Heavy Metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Ni, V, Cu) in Surface Sediments of Chabahar Bay}, abstract ={The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and V) in marine sediments as well as to determine the potential harmful effects of these heavy metals using Combined Pollution Index (CPI) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) at seven stations in Chabahar Bay. From each station, 3 samples of surface sediments (0-5 cm) were collected using Van Veen Grab and samples were extracted and analyzed according to the standard methods. The concentration levels of measured heavy metals were in the order of V>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cd>Hg . Contamination assessment based on CPI shows that the sediment samples in the study area were heavily contaminated with the CPI>1 except for Pozm Station. The potential ecological risk indices of Pb, Cu, Ni, were lower than 40, which indicated slight potential ecological risk of all stations. The results showed that the ecological risk level of heavy metals in the sediments of Chabahr Bay were low to very high. }, Keywords = {Heavy metals, Ecological risk, Sediments, Chabahar Bay, Oman Sea.}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {1-9}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.1}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1197-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1197-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Rahbani, Maryam and Esmaeili, Mehdi and Karamikhaniki, Ali}, title = {Investigating the Performance of Caisson Seawalls against Waves-Induced Force}, abstract ={The aim of present study is to estimate the wave-induced force acting on a vertical rigid, a semi-porous and a porous caisson-type seawalls using physical modeling. For this purpose, random sea waves in wide range of wave heights and periods, with variety of water depth were considered for the experimental test. Comparison of the measured values of maximum wave forces (Fmax) for three walls revealed that the wave-induced forces acting on the semi-porous and porous seawalls were more than the impermeable plane seawall. These increaments were calculated as about 28% and 46%, respectively. The semi-porous and porous seawalls showed better performance in wave energy dissipation and in wave reflection decreases in comparison with the rigid impermeable seawall. In addition, it was found that the Fmax increased with the increase of the wave steepness (Hs/Lp) and the decrease of the relative water depth (d/Lp). Based on the lab measurements and multiple regression analysis, new empirical equations have been proposed to predict the maximum wave force acting on each of the above mentioned seawalls.}, Keywords = {Wave force, Caisson seawall, Physical modelling, Random waves}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {11-18}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.11}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1198-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1198-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Iraninasab, Sudabeh and Archangi, Bita and Amini, Faedeh and Sakhai, Nasri}, title = {Morphological and Molecular Investigation of Sargassum vulgare and Sargassum fallax (Fucales, Sargassaceae) from the Coasts of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, Persian Gulf}, abstract ={In this research, morphological and molecular identification of dominant brown algae species from Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant coastal areas were investigated. Sampling of marine algae was carried out during autumn and winter 2014 from intertidal areas. Detailed morphological observations were done using valid identification keys and microscope. To undertake molecular identification, marine algae genome was extracted first using modified CTAB method followed by amplification of gene fragments using nuclear ribosomal ITS-2 primer. Genetic analysis was undertaken. The results of Blast in GeneBank and phylogenetic analysis confirmed identification of two species of dominant brown algae as Sargassum vulgare and Sargassum fallax with 100% bootstrap. Hence, despite taxonomic uncertainty of sargassum genus, integrating the results of morphological observations and ITS-2 gene fragment confirmed identification of both sargassum species with 100% bootstrap. }, Keywords = {Brown algae, Sargassum vulgare, Sargassum fallax, ITS-2, Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {19-26}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.19}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {MohammediGalangash, Mohsen and Solgi, Esa and Bozorgpanah, Zahr}, title = {An Assessment of Heavy Metals in Coastal Sediments of the Caspian Sea, Guilan Province}, abstract ={The purpose of this study was to measure the concentrations of nickel, vanadium, molybdenum, copper, iron, lead and chromium in coastal sediments collected from 5 sampling sites in Guilan province. Three composite samples were collected from each sampling site in October 2012. After sample preparation, the specimens were analyzed using ICP spectrophotometry. The accumulation pattern of metals in sediment were obtained in the form of V>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>Fe>Mo. The results showed a high correlation between metals at all sampling sites. In this study, the highest concentration of vanadium and chromium were obtained from Anzali station and the highest concentrations of nickel and lead were observed in Chubar site. The Haknson ecological risk assessment index demonstrated that the sediments were classified in the class of zero at all sites. Cluster analysis showed that the iron source was independent of the other elements sources. ERL & ERM levels of nickel as an indicator of oil pollution revealed that the region affected by oil pollution, hence continues environmental monitoring is essential at the study areas.}, Keywords = {Heavy metals, Sediments, Pollution, Caspian Sea}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {27-34}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.27}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1200-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1200-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Abdi, Vahideh and Sourinejad, Iman and Yousefzadi, Mortez}, title = {Application of Leaf, Stem and Root of Mangrove (Avicennia marina) Collected from Nayband Bay in Bushehr Province for Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles}, abstract ={In present research, the biosynthesis possibility of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was investigated using the aqueous extract of leaf, stem and root of native mangrove plant Avicennia marina, collected from Nayband bay in Bushehr province. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized through reduction of silver ions by secondary metabolites from the extract of Avicennia marina. Among the different plant parts, the leaf extract showed the maximum spectral absorption and synthesis yield of AgNPs. Absorption spectra in 420 nm confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. The crystalline nature of AgNPs was confirmed based on the XRD pattern. TEM images showed that the size of nanoparticles was in the range of 1 to 75 nm. The distribution size histogram revealed that most of the particles were in the range of 10-15 nm and the mean size of nanoparticles was 17.3 nm. FE-SEM analysis showed the size ranges of the nanoparticles between 15 to 43 nm. EDS spectrum confirmed the presence of elements like silver, carbon, chlorine, nitrogen and oxygen in the synthesized nanoparticles and silver had the maximum percentage of 51.6 %. FTIR spectrum indicated the presence of different functional groups like amines, alcohol, aromatic loops, alkanes, phenolic groups and alkyl halides in the synthesis process. The results of this research revealed that silver nanoparticles could be synthetized by eco-friendly biological procedures without mediating harmful chemical using reductant components of extracts of plants such as mangroves.}, Keywords = {Nanotechnology, Silver ion, Biosynthesis, Avicennia marina}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.35}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1201-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1201-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {HaratiMokhtari, Abbas and SadjadiParsa, Jafar and Alahyari, Elham}, title = {Identifying and Prioritising Effective Factors on Amirabad Port Marketing Services using AHP Model}, abstract ={The study paid to identify and prioritize effective factors on Amirabad Port marketing services. The goal was to suggest some solutions for improving the position and throughput of Amirabad port in the region and in the whole market. Ports always have a vital role in international transportation. As a matter of fact, an appropriate port schematization can have an important effect on better services to the port customers. Port schematization leads to attract more customers and causes developments in ports and regions. One of the main port schematization is port marketing. Since Amirabad Port is a third generation port in Iran, it is necessary to use marketing principles for its growth and development in marketing. Analysis of the data was carried out using AHP method and Expert choice 11 software. According to the results, prioritizing, attention to the improvement of services and facilities at port hinterland, establishment of a knowledge management system in the port, offering support and encouragement packages to the port customers, consideration of the port personnel job satisfaction, organization and participation in national and international marine exhibitions, and finally better introduction of port capabilities, are among the most important offered solutions.}, Keywords = {Marketing, Marketing tools, Amirabad Port, AHP}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {43-52}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.43}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1202-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1202-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {RoodbariShahmiri, Saeid and Adjami, Mehdi and Khoshravan, Homayoo}, title = {Prediction of Gorgan Bay Inlet Performance and Morphological Stability}, abstract ={The aim of this research was to study the stability and performance of Gorgan Bay and Miankaleh sand spit in order to find out the mechanisms of Gorgan Bay closure. According to the result of Miankaleh coasts’ numerical model (by DHI Mike21 package), wave energy and current speed reduced from west to east. Simultaneously, the sensitively of coasts to local storm surge due storm increased. The most probable storm surge at eastern coasts was about 40 centimeters and can make 15-20 cm sea level rise. Ashooradeh was a low wave energy mode region. The currents out of the bay were mostly from west to east and in the bay were counter clockwise. The total rate of sediment discharge in Gorgan inlet was 0.001 m3/sec/m that resulted in 1 cm/day bed level changes in inlet, while the rate of total sediment discharge in Miankaleh beach was less than 0.00002 m3/sec/m. Finally, the Gorgan bay inlet stability study (by Escofier popular model) showed that under the current conditions of the storm and low rate of sediment transport from upstream, it remains stable.}, Keywords = {Stable inlets, Mike 21, Escofier model, Hydrodynamic model, Gorgan bay inlet,Gorgan Bay}, volume = {8}, Number = {31}, pages = {53-65}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.31.53}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1203-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1203-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Safahieh, Alireza and Nasrolahzadeh, Razieh and Negintaji, Ahm}, title = {Change of Thyroid Hormone Levels in Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi Exposed to Sub Lethal Concentrations of Cadmium}, abstract ={Pollution of the aquatic ecosystems by heavy metals is posing serious threats to the survival of aquatic organisms including fish. Cadmium is a metal which is accumulated in high concentrations by a range of living organisms and which has unknown biological function. It enters aquatic environments especially via industrial wastes. Thyroid hormones have important roles in growth, development, metamorphosis, osmoregulation and reproduction in fishes. In the present study, the 96 hours LC50 of Cadmium on Binnei (Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi) was determined as 37.56 mg/l. The plasma thyroid hormones of Binnei through different sub lethal concentration of cadmium (1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 ppm) were assayed in order to determine the endocrine response of innei. Fish were exposed to different concentrations of cadmium as an endocrine disrupter during 2 weeks. Plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined using Radioimmunoassay method. In opposite manner, Plasma T3 was significantly decreased at days 7 and 14 by all doses of cadmium. Plasma T4 in treated fishes was increased in comparison to the control group in dose dependent manner. In conclusion, results of the current study indicated that the encounter of Binnei fish with Cadmium led to thyroid disruption of the fish which may  have treated for growth and fish health. }, Keywords = {Cadmium, Biomarker, Thyroxin, Triiodothyronine, Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {1-8}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.1}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1207-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1207-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Foroutani, Roya and Rahbani, Maryam and Pakhirehzan, Mohamm}, title = {Investigating the Storm Surge Due to Tropical Cyclone Ashobaa in the Coastal Areas of Bushehr and Chabahar}, abstract ={Tropical cyclones develop over oceans as low pressure phenomena. They could be developed further when the conditions are met and cause storm surge. The devastating consequences of these storms in coastal areas reveal the importance of investigation on such subjects. In this research therefore, the variation in the height of water level due to the Ashobaa cyclone has been studies using Flow module of the MIKE 21 software. The study has been conducted at two stations; one near the port of Bushehr and another near the port of Chabahar. The model first was calibrated and validated using field data. After the model validation, two simulations were carried out; one with and one without the effect of Ashooba cyclone. Positive storm surge was observed due to the Ashobaa cyclone in Chabahar station (about 50 cm). The effect of the storm was negligible in Bushehr water level. It was also observed that the storm affected the current speed and direction in Chabahar station. Such an effect was not observed in Bushehr station.}, Keywords = {Ashobaa cyclone, Storm surge, MIKE21 software, Flow simulation, Bushehr, Chabahar.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {9-19}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.9}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1210-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1210-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Salehi, Jav}, title = {Jurisdiction in the International Law of the Sea in Conflict between Right to Protection of Offshore Facilities and Freedom of Navigation}, abstract ={The goal of this article was to examine the Jurisdiction in International Law of the Sea in conflict between right to protection of offshore facilities and freedom of navigation. Ships are under nationality of their flag state in the high seas and offshore zones. Seizure of the ship and arrestment of its crew in the exclusive economic zone under the control of the coastal government on the pretext of violating its offshore facilities and equipment were assessed interference in flag State and his sovereignty affairs. Coastal government is allowed to take security measures to prevent and manage dangerous maneuvers of environmental activists to offshore facilities in protest to its offshore activities. Final conclusion showed that seizure of ships and arrest of environmental activists by the Russian state is an illegal act and in conflict of jurisdiction of the Netherland’s flag State according to the recent judgment of the Arbitration Tribunal.}, Keywords = {International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Coastal Government, Flag State, Exclusive Economic Zone, Continental Shelf, Offshore Facilities.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {21-30}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.21}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1218-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1218-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NoranianEsfahani, Majid and AkbarpourJannat, Mahmoodreza and Banijamali, Babak}, title = {Evaluation of the ROMS-SWAN Coupled Model in the Southern Caspian Basin Circulation}, abstract ={A coupled ocean-waves COAWST model was employed for simulating the waves and currents along the southern basin of the Caspian Sea. Simulating were carried out using mixed reanalysis/forecast ECMWF ERA-Interim dataset over two layer refined nested grids during 2007-2011. The results were evaluated in coastal area of Guilan province for 2011. Two Komen's formulation for growth of waves due to wind and energy depreciation with whitecapping, JONSWAP formulation for the bed friction, generallength method for vertical mixing and atmospheric bulk forcing were involved in the configuration of the coupled system. The results were implied the agreement of 87% and 73% in deep water and 68% and 78% in shallow area for the significant wave height and wave period and 53% for current speed at the inner shelf. The waves' simulation results from the deep and coastal waters zones indicated the underestimation of the profile only occurred at the beginning of July. The regional and local eddies were found at the SBC. The western alongshore were dominated along the coastal area of SBC, however the local transitional currents were established. }, Keywords = {Coastal circulation, Nested grid system, COAWST, ECMWF ERA-Interim, S-coordinate, Caspian Sea.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {31-42}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.31}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1219-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1219-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Hamid and Kazeminezhad, Mohammad Hossein and YeganehBakhtiary, Abbas}, title = {Performance Evaluation of SWAN Model for Wind Wave Forecasting in the Persian Gulf (Case Study: Farur and Lavan Islands)}, abstract ={Considering the importance of wind waves and its effects on the marine environment, prediction of these waves by different methods has been extremely thrived in recent years. In this study, the performance of numerical wave model, SWAN, has been evaluated to predict wind waves in the Persian Gulf, using different methods of generation and deterioration of wave. Three kinds of these methods using CCMP wind data has been applied in this study. For  ttainment the model error, the results has been compared with measured significant height, peak period and direction of waves in Farur and Lavan stations between 2009 and 2010. The result showed that WAM4-AB method, compared with other, had better performance. Error of this approach to modeling HS in Farur and Lavan stations was 44 and 48, respectively. Modeling of this method underestimated Hs and Tp comparing to the measured data.}, Keywords = {Modeling, CCMP Wind, SWAN, Measured wave data, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {43-51}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.43}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1220-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1220-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Esmaili, Zinat and Naji, Abolfazl}, title = {Comparison of the Frequency, Type and Shape of Microplastics in the Low and High Tidal of the Coastline of Bandar Abbas}, abstract ={This study addressed the Micro Plastics (MPs < 5mm) quantification and morphology to assess the abundance, distribution, and polymer types in the low and high tidal areas of Bandar Abbas coastline. Sampling in March and April of 2017 from five stations in Bandar Abbas coast was performed using separation method based on two-stage density and flotation. At high tidal stations with an average of 1422 potential plastic particles, it was determined that the maximum number of MPs was at Bostanou Station, and the smallest of them belonged to Khore Azini Station. At low tidal stations, the average  concentration of 306.62 potential plastic particles was the highest concentration of MPs in the surface sediments of the Gorsozan Station at the same time and the lowest concentration was related to the Soro Station. Overall, 83% and 17% of MPs were found in the high tidal and the tidal zone, respectively, which could be deduced that the accumulation of MPs near the high tidal line was higher.}, Keywords = {Micro plastics, Marine environment, Surface sediments, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {53-61}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.53}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1221-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1221-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Momtaz, Jamshid and Alizadeh, Masoud and Zarneshan, Shahram}, title = {Protecting Closed and Semi-Closed Seas in Armed Conflicts (Case Study: The Persian Gulf)}, abstract ={Closed and semi-enclosed seas possess significant standing in the international environmental law and are referred to in the 1973 Convention as "Special Zones." For this reason, efforts have been made in the various issues of the law of the seas and environmental law in order to develop a particular regime for them. The Persian Gulf, as a semi-closed sea, is one of the zones for which there have been attempts to define a sui generis since the 1970s in cooperation with the States of the region. The Kuwait Convention and its four protocols are a clear examples of this cooperation. However, the existence of regional tensions egative factor in order for these mechanisms to have failed. There are still serious questions about the 1973 Convention from legal perspective. A serious legal question on this subject is about the impact of war on the applicability of Kuwait Convention during that armed conflict. This paper tries to provide an overview of regional environmental protection mechanisms in the Persian Gulf region, with the aim to provide an answer to the regional environmental obligations of the States of the region in the event of occurrence of a regional conflict }, Keywords = {Law of the Sea, Marine environment, Armed Conflict, Persian Gulf.}, volume = {8}, Number = {32}, pages = {63-76}, publisher = {Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science}, doi = {10.29252/joc.8.32.63}, url = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1222-en.html}, eprint = {http://joc.inio.ac.ir/article-1-1222-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Oceanography}, issn = {1562-1057}, eissn = {2476-6755}, year = {2018} }