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The Persian Gulf is one of the busiest waterways in the world. This area contains about 65% of the world’s oil reserves. This Gulf is connected to the Indian Ocean via the Strait of Hormuz. Circulation of water in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz is vital for shipping line, fisheries and contaminant tracking. Since 1918, many studies have been done on the circulation of this area. Approximately one ship in every six minutes passes through the Strait of Hormuz (Alhajiri 1991). Due to arid climate, surface evaporation in the Persian Gulf is very high. To compensate the evaporation in the Persian Gulf, water is displaced from the Gulf of Oman. Its circulation is counterclockwise from the Strait of Hormuz to the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf and discharging the saltier water to the Oman Gulf. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (COHERENS) has been employed to study the circulation of the Strait of Hormuz. This model is forced by climatologic monthly mean atmospheric forcing derived from 54 years of NOAA data. Tidal boundary forcing is included using the four major constituents: M2, S2, O1, and K1. Findings of the model contribute to an understanding of circulation patterns in the Strait of Hormuz as an aid to ship traffic and management of pollution spill events. The results of the model are in close agreement with the previous observations.

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In This paper, the effect of wave parameters including significant wave height, peak and mean wave periods, storm duration as well as structural parameters including water depth at the toe of structure, initial slope of the structure, permeability and stone gradation on wave reflection from reshaping breakwaters has been studied and investigated. The present research has been carried out using the results of hydraulic model tests accomplished in the wave flume of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Center, affliated to the Ministry of Jihad- e- Agriculture, using irregular waves. The results of the research shows the variations of wave reflection coefficients versus non-dimensional parameters. Moreover, a new relationship has been presented to calculate the coefficient of wave reflection from reshaping breakwaters.

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In this research, the mechanisms and various behaviours of reshaping berm breakwaters against waves attack have been investigated. These breakwaters are kinds of rubble mound breakwaters which their profiles reach to and equilibrium state after impinging of design waves. This research has been carried out using laboratory model method in a wave flume. Both regular and irregular waves were used in laboratory tests. The mechanisms and the behavior of currents inside and outside the structure were investigated by injecting dye stuff inside it and taking films.

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Lead-210 and to a lesser extent 137Cs are the most widely used radionuclides in soil erosion and recent radiogeochronology studies. This is basically due to their appropriate half-life, suitable for studying sedimentary processes occurring in the last 100 – 150 years. In coastal systems, sediments are transported by rivers to the coastal ocean, deposited under the influence of several marine processes. A study was carried along the Algerian coast, between 1999 and 2004, under the framework of the IAEA regional project RAF/7/004. Sediment cores were collected from different stations as given in figure 1 on board of the research vessel of M.S. Benyahia of ISMAL in collaboration with COMENA and IAEA, in order to study sediment accumulation in this area. For this purpose, 210Pb and 137Cs were determined in sediment sections, using direct counting by gamma spectrometry analysis. The accuracy of their quantification is mainly dependent on the errors including ambient background variation, attenuation of the 210Pb 45 kev gamma ray in the sample and efficiency calibration. Vertical distribution of 210Pb and 137Cs in sediments cores were used as a tool to establish the sediment chronology and to estimate the total inventory in the coastal environment. Concentrations in Bq/kg dry weight of 210Pb and 137Cs were determined in the four sediment cores. For concentration levels of 137Cs it ranges from (1.3±0.1) Bq/Kg to (12.8±0.8) Bq/ Kg with an average value of 7.5 Bq/Kg, and for 210Pb concentrations in Bq/Kg dry weight it was found to be in the range of (57±5 to 895±98) Bq/Kg dry weight. The estimated sedimentation rates deduced from the 210Pb and 137Cs concentrations profiles (some of them are presented in figure 2) and using the CRS model [1], range from 20 mm/yr to 27 mm/yr. Sedimentation rates and total inventories were determined at each station and maximum peaks were identified. Data obtained in this work were compared to those carried out in the same area by other authors, [2], [3].

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In this paper, details of the development of a two-dimensional vertical numerical model for simulating unsteady free-surface flows, deploying a non-hydrostatic pressure distribution is given. The governing 2DV Navier-Stokes equations are discretized using the finite volume approximation in the Cartesian coordinate and solved based on the algorithm of the projection method. Moreover, the model calculates eddy viscosity and diffusivity using the turbulence equations. In order to predict the moving free surface elevations, the height of the top layer is assumed to be variable and proportional to the water elevation. One of the advantages of the developed model is its higher computational speed compared to similar models developed in sigma and curvilinear coordinates. Therefore, in conditions that the variation of water and bed level is not considerable, this model is more appropriate. The model has been applied to simulate a range of unsteady flow problems involving relatively strong vertical accelerations. Comparison between numerical results, analytical solutions and experimental data demonstrates a satisfactory performance.

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This research will discuss an assessment of the Economic value of Kish Island's coral reefs regarding their recreational usage, and estimate a visitor’s willingness to pay (WTP) for recreational benefits obtained, based on contingent valuation (CV) and dichotomous choice (DC). For determination of visitor’s willingness to pay semi-nonparametric distribution-free (SNPDF) model was employed. The visitors contain scuba diving and glass ship for visiting coral reefs. Results indicate that 73% of visitors in scuba diving and 52% of visitors in glass sheep are willing to pay for recreational values of Kish Island's coral reefs. The mean value for willingness to pay for the recreational annual value of the coral reefs is 45460 Rls/ha and 1684 Rls/ha per visit for scuba diving and glass sheep respectively. The total recreational annual value was estimated at 144,840 US$/ha for the Kish Island. This provides enough justification for policy makers to maintain the quality of coral reefs habitat, and along with that to avoid the degradation of marine resources.

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Reshaping breakwater is a kind of rubble mound structure that its profile reshapes to a equilibrium one after impinging of waves. In This paper, the effects of wave parameters including significant wave height, peak and mean wave periods, storm duration, as well as structural parameters including water depth at the toe of structure, initial slope of the structure, permeability and stone gradation on irregular wave transmission through reshaping breakwaters have been studied and investigated. The present research has been carried out using the results of hydraulic model tests accomplished in the wave flume of Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Center, affiliated to the Ministry of Jihad-e Agriculture, using irregular waves. The results of the research show the variations of wave transmission coefficients versus nondimensional parameters. Moreover, a new relationship has been presented to calculate the coefficients of wave reflection from reshaping breakwaters.

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Predicting and estimating the sea waves are very important in coastal zone activities, including: fishing industrial, port navigation and management, marine transport, design of costal structures, oil activities and calculation of sediment transport rate. Also, waves and currents play very important roles in changing geometry and shape of the coastal zone. SWAN model has been designed for coastal shallow waters. Therefore, in this study wind driven waves in the Bushehr Gulf has been simulated by this model and then it has been validated. In this simulation, wind data from the GFS and Buoy data of Bushehr meteorology in year 2008 were used. After simulation, the wave characteristics of Bushehr buoy (significant wave height, Hs, and significant wave period, Ts) were employed for validation of the model. Results of this research show that the average scatter index of swan model for high wave and period are 23.44 and 18.45 percent, respectively. Therefore, we can use SWAN model for prediction of characteristics of wind driven waves and providing the hydrodynamic Atlas for Bushehr Bay.

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This study examined the feasibility of using shell dimensions (length and width) to estimate the wet and dry weight of bivolve’s soft tissue. For this study, three species of bivolve’s (Solen brevis, Saccostrea cucullata and Callista umbonella) were collected from the coast of Bandar Abbas near the Terminal and Tourist Park of Soro in 2012. The length, width, wet weight and dry weight of soft tissue were measured. Two-variable regression model and validation of calibration was taken with SPSS (version 17). Survey results showed that the models were produced at an acceptable level. The relative error was 11.93-36.69 in dry soft tissue and 35.57-7.99 in wet soft tissue. Changes in the relative of standard division were 14.107- 44.19 and 1072-38.14 in dry and wet soft tissue, respectively. The results of this study showed that in the model for estimating wet soft tissue S. brevis at the Terminal and Tourist Park of Soro stations, RE and RRMSE values were found to be 10.66 and 8.83, 3.96 and 3.46 percent for calibration phase, and 10.27 and 7.99, 13.81 and 10.17 percent for the validation phase, respectively. It can be attributed to lowest error rate and highest accuracy. For dry soft tissue C. umbonella, RE and RRMSE values were found 44.19 and 43.69 percent for calibration phase, and 40.02 and 36.69 for the validation phase, respectively, which showed highest error rate and lowest accuracy in both stations. Level of significance for both species was 99%. The results revealed that regression modeling method using of length and wide of shell can be used to calculate the wet and dry weight of soft tissue in addition to being simple, high speed, non destructive and high precision.

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Submerged breakwaters are some type of effective coastal structures that are commonly being used to protect coastal area against erosion. Submerged breakwaters reduce wave energy approaching the beach by stimulating waves to break and dissipate their energy over the structure. In present study, a new approach toward numerical modeling (using the roller model) of shoreline response to a multi-purpose V-shaped submerged breakwater has been presented. The results of a series of 2DH numerical modeling tests indicate that shoreline response to multi-purpose V-shaped submerged breakwater scan varies between erosive and accretive, depending on the offshore distance to the structure. Breakwater crest level has significant impact on the magnitude of shoreline response, but not on the mode of shoreline response (i.e. erosion vs. accretion).

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Designing marine structures including shore or offshore requires information about wave regime. For this purpose, different methods were used including empirical methods and numerical models to simulate the wave characteristics. SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) which has been developed for shallow waters had been used for modeling the waves in Anzali port. Wind data obtained from Europe central middle weather forecasting (ECMWF) on 2003 were used as model input and Bathymetry was obtained from NOAA site. To achieve more accurate results, the model was firstly ran in the whole Caspian Sea and then, in Anzali port. Boundary condition of local model was extracted from Caspian Sea model. Calibration of the model was carried out using measured wave data. For verifying, the results were compared to those obtained from the project ISWM. The results indicate acceptable accuracy compared to buoy measurements. However, the modeled peak period is underestimated. Therefore, a correction factor should be considered for peak period.

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One of the major causes of deterioration of coastal reinforced concrete (RC) structures is the chlorideinduced corrosion. Therefore, durability based design of RC structures has gained great significance in recent decades and various mathematical models have been proposed. One of the best models was proposed by fib in 2006. The effect of environmental conditions on the prediction of the models is one of the most important issues. Hence, regional investigations are necessary. The Persian Gulf is one of the most marine aggressive regions of the world due to its high temperature and humidity and the Chloride ion in its water. In this study, the fib model performance was evaluated by field experiments on some marine RC structures located in this region. Then, the model was modified for applying for this environment.

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Interference of the incident waves impinge on and the reflected waves back from a breakwater cause partial-standing waves, which has a major effect at particularly storm condition on the breakwater stability. Hence, the wave reflection parameter is of great importance in hydraulic design of breakwaters. In this paper, at first the performance of M5􁇱 model tree for prediction of the reflection parameter on rubblemound breakwater was investigated using available large scale data. Then, the effect of berm on reflection coefficient from non-reshaping berm breakwater was investigated and finally, a new model for wave reflection estimation was presented using M5􁇱 model tree. The obtained results showed that the model tree is more accurate than the available empirical formulas and the new obtained formula is more accurate and physically justified.

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The Bulk models were used for parameterization of the boundary layer in the weather forecasting models. The accuracy of the bulk models in simulating the ocean boundary layer has been studied by many researchers. Profile of wind in the boundary layer is roughly logarithmic and the stability functions make the wind profile to deviate from the logarithmic profile. The stability functions have lots of effects on the boundary layer characteristics such as monin, obukhov length. Their influences decrease with increasing the wind speed (starting at approximately 30 ms-1). In this paper, ocean boundary layer equations are solved for stable, unstable and neutral state conditions and the results were compared. Diagrams of friction velocity and drag coefficient as the main features of the oceanic boundary layer were plotted. The results showed that the drag coefficient is sensitive to the stability functions when wind speed is less than 30 ms-1. Therefore, to achieve the required accuracy in meteorological models, the impact of the stability functions should be considered for calculating the drag coefficient. The friction velocity of the natural and unstable states is almost identical so we can ignore the effects of stability functions on the friction velocity during unstable condition. Therefore, unstable friction velocity can be approximated by the neutral friction velocity.

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Reshaped profile status of berm breakwater has a very impartant role for the stability of this kind of structure during waves attack. In this paper, key parameters of the reshaped profile such as step height of the deposited area and depth of intersection point between original berm and reshaped berm were estimated by introducing the related formulae, considering various sea stste and structural parameters. In this line, a series of 185 tests have been carried out to investigate the influence of various sea state conditions such as wave height, wave period and water depth at the toe of the structure, and structural parameters such as berm elevation from still water level and armor stone size for prediction of the berm recession. Comparison between the estimated intersection depths by this formula and formula given by PIANC revealed that the estimation procedure predicts well according to the present data. Also to assess the validity of the present formula, a comparison was made between the present formula and formulae given by other researchers, employing partial of Moghim data.

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Analysis and evaluation of economic efficiency and effectiveness of container yard equipment are among issues that managers of container terminals encounter all the time. This study with a distinctive perspective toward the concept of cost functions, tries to figure out the costs of container yard vehicles which are Straddle Carrier (SC), semi-automated Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) and automated Rail Mounted Gantry (RMG). Developing a pairwise comparison method, we present a novel approach for analysis and evaluation of economic efficiency and effectiveness of container yard equipment. The cost function analysis considers major cost attributes which are related to modern container terminal operations and include: 1) land purchase costs, maintenance and development of container yard costs, 2) equipment purchase costs, maintenance and running of an appropriate operational system in the container yard and 3) container transfer costs which play a determining role in determining the final costs of operational systems. The results showed that RMG automatic systems, compared to SC and RTG systems, led to lower costs for each container, for crane purchase, lower costs of maintenance and in general lower overall expenses for container yards.

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The occurrence of nonlinear internal waves in the Gulf of Oman had been proved from recording Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images and processing of their signatures. Most of these internal wave packets were observed in the Gulf of Oman shelf region at the east of Musandam Peninsula. In this study, the formation of nonlinear internal waves from the internal tide has been simulated using three dimensional, non-hydrostatic and fully nonlinear MITgcm model. The model results showed the formation of non-linear internal solitary wave packets at the Gulf of Oman shelf region. The numerical results of this study have been compared with SAR observations and published literatures which showed that the present work at some parameters (e. g. internal wave packet separation and the number of internal solitary waves in the packets) is closer to the radar observations rather than previous published literatures.

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Ports, as a key link in the maritime transport chain, has a basic and decisive role in the economic development of the country's transportation and global trade, and about 90 percent of imports and exports activities of countries done through ports. This study identifies factors affecting the privatization of ports with the review of previous studies and based on the opinions of experts in this field using the Delphi technique and then analysis relationships between these factors using FUZZY DEMATEL model. The results showed the importance of the studied factors such as the factor of "infrastructure of privatization that includes culturalization and awareness in the country", which shows the high importance of this factor in the privatization of ports.
 

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Steady and unsteady experimental and numerical simulations are carried out in this paper to investigate saltwater intrusion mechanism into unconfined coastal aquifer. Laboratory results are compared to dispersive SEAWAT model to assess the applicability of numerical simulation. The dispersive SEAWAT model predicts salinities reasonably well comparing with sand-tank observation but it over predicts salt wedge toe position. Time reaching to steady state was almost equal in both physical and numerical modeling. In order to compare the mixing zone thickness, 5% and 95% salinity contours were also compared against laboratory data. The numerical results indicated partially wide mixing zone that is not observed in the experiments. Longitudinal dispersivity has been calibrated in the model to minimize the mixing zone thickness. Flow velocity components are also computed in this study by simple Darcy’s law and the freshwater and saltwater streamlines are depicted to visualize the flow adjacent the salt wedge and to observe the freshwater/saltwater movement toward exit point.